Taken primarily from Kozloff, 1987, 1996 p. 14 (Copyright 1987, 1996, University of Washington Press. Used in this web page by permission of University of Washington Press)
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| Lower taxonomic level | Main Page | Alphabetic Index | Systematic Index | Glossary |
| 1a | Without spicules (other than a few from other sponges that may have been incorporated into the mass); thin encrustatations, slippery to the touch unless they contain sand | 2 |
| 1b | With spicules; growth form various, but usually with a surface that resembles felt (but if smooth, it is rarely slippery) | 6 |
| 2a | ||
| 2b | ||
| 3a | ||
| 3b | ||
| 4a | ||
| 4b | ||
| 5a | ||
| 5b | ||
| 6a | Boring in shells of molluscs and barnacles, with exposed portions generally being small, circular patches (bright red to dull yellow) | 7 |
| 6b | Not boring in shells | 10 |
| 7a | With tylostyles and microscleres | 8 |
| 7b | With tylostyles, but without microscleres | 9 |
| 8a | ||
| 8b | ||
| 9a | Tylostyles 200-310 microns long | Cliona ?celata subsp californiana |
| 9b | Tylostyles 420-570 microns long | Cliona similar to warreni |
| 10a | Unattached and containing a hermit crab (picture) (large tylostyles 250-524 microns, small tylostyles [may be absent] 90-150 microns; tylostrongyles [blunt-ended tylostyles] 135-350 microns; centrotylotemicrostrongyles [if present] 20-50 microns) | Suberites ?suberea forma latus |
| 10b | Attached to a substratum | 11 |
| 11a | Encrusting valves of free-living scallops | 12 |
| 11b | Attached to an immobile substratum | 13 |
| 12a | Yellow-brown to violet; styles 290-360 microns long (palmateanisochelas of 2 sizes: 15-40 microns and 60-75 microns; sigmas 35-65 microns) | Mycale adhaerens |
| 12b | Gold to gold-brown; acanthostyles 200-270 microns (tornotes 160-250 microns; tridentate isoanchors of 2 sizes; 15-20 microns and 35-70 microns; sigmas 25-53 microns) | Myxilla incrustans |
| 13a | Erect, the attached portion narrow | 14 |
| 13b | Not as described in choice 13a (if erect, the attached portion is broad) | 26 |
| 14a | Erect, with a central stem and small filiform lateral branches similar to those on a small bottle brush (white, up to 7 cm high; styles 410-680 microns and about 1400 microns; palmateanisochelas 13 microns; forceps 32 microns) | Asbestopluma occidentalus |
| 14b | Tubular, fingerlike, or resembling a funnel | 15 |
| 15a | Unbranched (occasionally bifurcated, however) Caution: early growth stages of branched species (choice 15b) may be unbranched. | 16 |
| 15b | Erect and with long, fingerlike or bladelike branches that may anastomose | 20 |
| 16a | Funnel-shaped or in the form of a hollow tube | 17 |
| 16b | Fingerlike, not hollow (there may be more than one growth form) (yellow-brown or light brown to violet, styles 275-370 microns, palmate anisochelas 15-37 microns and 59-74 microns) | Mycale adhaerens |
| 17a | Funnel-shaped or tubular, on a narrow stalk that is more than one-fourth the total height | 18 |
| 17b | Funnel-shaped, without a stalk or with only a short stalk | 19 |
| 18a | Surface smooth; usually funnel-shaped; sometimes tubular, occasionally bifurcated; cream to orange-brown; styles to subtylostyles 200-450 microns, shorter in the stalk | Stylissa stipitata |
| 18b | Surface rugose; strictly funnel-shaped; cream to light brown, styles 240-500 microns, shorter in the stalk | Phakettia close to beringensis |
| 19a | ||
| 19b | ||
| 20a | White or cream to yellow | 21 |
| 20b | Dark brown, tan, red-orange, or red | 22 |
| 21a | Cream to yellow, surface smooth, hard (styles to subtylostyles 230-820 microns) | ?Syringella amphispicula |
| 21b | White, turning black in alcohol; surface soft and compressible (acanthostyles 230-320 microns; subtylotes 235-280 microns; palmateisochelas 20-40 microns, petaloid bipocillons 14-18 microns) | Iophon cheliver var californiana |
| 22a | ||
| 22b | ||
| 23a | ||
| 23b | ||
| 24a | ||
| 24b | ||
| 25a | ||
| 25b | ||
| 26a | Sponge spherical or nearly so | 27 |
| 26b | Sponge forming a thin to thick encrustation or a hemispherical mass, but not spherical | 32 |
| 27a | Firm, unyielding (use a probe rather than the fingers), with abundant spicules protruding from the surface | 28 |
| 27b | Soft, deformable, without obvious spicules protruding from the surface | 30 |
| 28a | Surface under the plush of spicules having the appearance of being made of paving stones (this can be seen with a strong hand lens); color white to dirty beige (sterrasters forming the surface layer 82-110 microns, small oxeas 150-600 microns, large oxeas 2-8 mm, orthotriaenes 1.5-8 mm, with rays bifurcated in some; protriaenes 2-17 mm; anatriaenes 4-23 mm; oxyasters 11-54 microns, oxyspherasters 6-32 microns, strongylasters 5-11 microns | Geodia mesotriaena |
| 28b | Surface under the plush of spicules appearing smooth when viewed with a strong hand lens; color grey to dirty white | 29 |
| 29a | ||
| 29b | ||
| 30a | ||
| 30b | ||
| 31a | ||
| 31b | ||
| 32a | Forming a thick, broadly attached mass, often tending toward the shape or an irregular or oblate hemisphere (color white to yellow or yellow-brown) | 33 |
| 32b | Forming a thick or thin encrustacean, not tending toward the shape of an irregular hemisphere | 42 |
| 33a | With prominent nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances, these terminating in open oscula when expanded but appearing rounded or pointed when contracted | 34 |
| 33b | Without nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances (there may, however, be a few oscula on chimneys in Merriamum oxeata, choice 39b) | 35 |
| 34a | ||
| 34b | ||
| 35a | Surface distinctly hispid because of projecting spicules | 36 |
| 35b | Surface smooth to rugose, but not hispid | 37 |
| 36a | Surface beneath the plush of spicules having the appearance of being made of paving stones when viewed with a strong hand lens; color white to dirty beige (see also choices 28a and 109a) | Geodia mesotriaena and
Geodinella robusta |
| 36b | Surface beneath the plush of spicules not having the appearance of being made of paving stones; dirty white (oxeas 1400-3500 microns or larger; ortho-, plagio-, dichotriaenes 1400-3500 microns; anatrienes 110-2000 microns; oxyasters-strongylasters 9-15 microns; "grains" 3 microns; no sterrasters forming the surface layer) | Stellata clarella |
| 37a | ||
| 37b | ||
| 38a | ||
| 38b | ||
| 39a | ||
| 39b | ||
| 40a | ||
| 40b | ||
| 41a | ||
| 41b | ||
| 42a | Encrusting base with long (greater than 1 cm), well defined, erect, nonbranching projections other than those terminating in a single osculum | 43 |
| 42b | Encrusting and either without long projections or only with nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances that terminate in an osculum | 48 |
| 43a | ||
| 43b | ||
| 44a | ||
| 44b | ||
| 45a | ||
| 45b | ||
| 46a | ||
| 46b | ||
| 47a | ||
| 47b | ||
| 48a | Nipplelike or fingerlike protuberances of a different color from the encrusting base | 49 |
| 48b | Protuberances, where present, the same color as the encrusting base | 51 |
| 49a | ||
| 49b | ||
| 50a | ||
| 50b | ||
| 51a | Encrustation moderately to very thick (greater than 4 mm) and with a firm to almost stony exoskeleton (use probe, not fingers!) | 52 |
| 51b | Encrustation either thin (less than 4 mm) or, if thick, at least moderately spongy | 61 |
| 52a | ||
| 52b | ||
| 53a | ||
| 53b | ||
| 54a | ||
| 54b | ||
| 55a | ||
| 55b | ||
| 56a | ||
| 56b | ||
| 57a | ||
| 57b | ||
| 58a | ||
| 58b | ||
| 59a | ||
| 59b | ||
| 60a | ||
| 60b | ||
| 61 | Note there are 7 choices for this couplet: | |
| 61a | Color green or green with yellow areas | 62 |
| 61b | Color blue or gray-blue (sometimes light orange in Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta, choice 63a) | 63 |
| 61c | Color lavender, violet-blue, pinkish purple, purple, or mahogany (sometimes yellow-tan in ?Stylophus arndti, choice 65b; sometimes buff in Haliclona ?ecbasis, choice 68a; sometimes dull tan in Haliclona close to permollis, choice 68b | 64 |
| 61d | Color white to ivory | 69 |
| 61e | Color salmon-pink, rust-pink, red, brick-red, scarlet, red-orange, yellow-orange, or orange-brown | 71 |
| 61f | Color clear yellow or sulphur-yellow (megascleres consisting of tylostyles) | Cliona sp |
| 61g | Color dull yellow, yellow-brown, buff, or brown (sometimes lavender, pinkish purple, purple, yellow, or yellow-orange in certain species that do not have microscleres, couplets 94 and 95) | 89 |
| 62a | ||
| 62b | ||
| 63a | ||
| 63b | ||
| 64a | Megascleres consisting of styles or acantho-subtylostyles and tylotes to subtylotes | 65 |
| 64b | Megascleres limited to oxeas | 66 |
| 65a | ||
| 65b | ||
| 66a | Spicules consisting of oxeas 200-240 microns and sigmas 34-39 microns (lavender) | Sigmadocia spp |
| 66b | Spicules consisting of oxeas only | 67 |
| 67a | Surface layer removable in flakes (pale translucent lavender; oxeas 92-170 microns) | Adocia gellindra |
| 67b | Surface layer not removable in flakes | 68 |
| 68a | Oxeas 75-105 microns, purple, pinkish purple, to lavender, but in shaded locations becoming partly or totally buff; growth form varying from thin encrustations in which the oscula are flush with the surface to thick encrustations with oscula on chimneys (picture) (on floats in protected areas and in the intertidal region on protected to exposed coasts; may include H. permollis of de Laubenfels, 1961 and ?Haliclona sp. A of Hartman, 1975 in Light's Manual) | Haliclona ?ecbasis |
| 68b | Oxeas 125-175 microns, lavender or dull tan, oscula never on chimneys | Haliclona close to permollis |
| 69a | ||
| 69b | ||
| 70a | ||
| 70b | ||
| 71a | ||
| 71b | ||
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| 127b |
Geodia mesotriaena
Haliclona ?ecbasis
Mycale adhaerens
Myxilla incrustans
Stylissa stipitata
Suberites ?suberea forma latus
Syringella amphispicula
