Taken primarily from Kozloff, 1987, 1996 p. 424 (Copyright 1987, 1996, University of Washington Press. Used in this web page by permission of University of Washington Press)
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| Lower taxonomic level | Main Page | Alphabetic Index | Systematic Index | Glossary |
| 1a | Colony erect or recumbent (with leaflike lobes loosely attached to the substratum), but not truly encrusting | 2 |
| 1b | Colony encrusting (but the distal portions of the zooecia may be raised up) | 47 |
| 2a | Colony consisting mostly of stiff, two-layered folds | 3 |
| 2b | Colony not consisting mostly of stiff, two-layered folds | 6 |
| 3a | Most of the frontal of the zooecia with numerous large pores | 4 |
| 3b | Frontal of zooecia with pores only at the margins (a portion of the frontal usually elevated as an umbo, to which ridges extend from the margins; a small avicularium generally present on the slope of the umbo; see also choice 130b) | Rhamphostomella costata |
| 4a | Avicularia usually present, these interzooecial and large (in some colonies, however, avicularia are absent) (frontal of zooecia in larger colonies with pores arranged in several regular rows; see also choice 65a) | Lyrula hippocrepis |
| 4b | Avicularia absent | 5 |
| 5a | Ovicells absent; aperture of zooecia with a thin, raised collar and a central sharp tooth inside the proximal margin (see also choice 110a) | Cheilopora praelonga |
| 5b | Ovicells present, these large, globular, without pores, but with radiating rigs; proximal rim of aperture of zooecia raised into a peaked mound (between the aperture and the mound is an oval depression that could be mistaken for a pore or avicularium; see also choice 115a) | Hippodiplosia insculpta |
| 6a | Colony recumbent, flexible, attached loosely to the substratum by hairlike projections (the colony may form broad lobes or fingerlike branches) (this choice leads to a few Cheilostomes in which the frontal is not calcified) | 7 |
| 6b | Colony erect (this choice leads to Cyclostomes, some Cheilostomes with a calcified frontal, and some Cheilostomes with a noncalcified frontal) | 11 |
| 7a | ||
| 7b | ||
| 8a | ||
| 8b | ||
| 9a | ||
| 9b | ||
| 10a | ||
| 10b | ||
| 11a | Colony a flattened cup attached to the substratum by a narrow stalk and small disk, and with numerous bundles of zooecialtubes (12-20 zooecia per bundle radiating outward from the edge of the cup) | Discocytis canadensis |
| 11b | Colony branching or lacy in appearance, not cuplike | 12 |
| 12a | Colony a stiff, lacy network (live specimens usually pale orange or salmon-orange) | Phidolopora labiata |
| 12b | Colony not in the form of a lacy network | 13 |
| 13a | Cheilostomes in which at least half of the frontal of the zooecia is not calcified | 14 |
| 13b | Either Cheilostomes in which most of the frontal of the zooecia is calcified, or Cyclostomes in which the zooecia (generally tubular) are calcified | 30 |
| 14a | Vibracula present on the upper surface of the colony | 15 |
| 14b | Vibracula absent | 17 |
| 15a | ||
| 15b | ||
| 16a | ||
| 16b | ||
| 17a | Scutum present, curving over the frontal | 18 |
| 17b | Scutum absent | 21 |
| 18a | ||
| 18b | ||
| 19a | ||
| 19b | ||
| 20a | ||
| 20b | ||
| 21a | Colony branching from the upper portion of a long, jointed stalk | 22 |
| 21b | Colony not branching from the upper portion of a long, jointed stalk | 24 |
| 22a | ||
| 22b | ||
| 23a | ||
| 23b | ||
| 24a | Zooecia small (about 0.4 mm long), attached to one another in pairs, back to back (colony inconspicuous) | Synnotum aegyptiacum |
| 24b | Zooecia not attached to one another in pairs (if the colony is biserial, the zooecia are more nearly end-to-end than back-to-back) | 25 |
| 25a | Colony multiserial, sometimes partly recumbent; both lateral and frontal avicularia present | 26 |
| 25b | Colony biserial or multiserial, always erect, only lateral avicularia present | 27 |
| 26a | ||
| 26b | ||
| 27a | Colony forming spiral whorls (zooecia arranged biserially; avicularia usually of 2 sizes, attached near the middle of the zooecia; ovicells globular | Bugula californica |
| 27b | Colony not forming spiral whorls | 28 |
| 28a | ||
| 28b | ||
| 29a | ||
| 29b | ||
| 30a | Colony erect, solid, neither flexible nor jointed | 31 |
| 30b | Colony consisting of calcified units connected by scleroized, flexible joints | 38 |
| 31a | Branches of colony generally cylindrical; apertures of the zooecia distributed more or less evenly around the branches | 32 |
| 31b | Branches somewhat flattened; apertures of the zooecia circular, concentrated on one side of each branch, usually in groups of 4 or 5 (colonies variable; the branches may become attached to the substratum or become fused to form reticulated masses) | Diaperoecia californica |
| 32a | Zooecia indistinct, embedded within a cylindrical matrix | 33 |
| 32b | Zooecia more or less distinct, flask-shaped, attached to one another for most of their length, but each with a long, tubular, raised peristome (there is a pair of avicularia on the rim of the peristome of at least some zooecia) | Lagenipora punctulata |
| 33a | Apertures of zooecia distinct and with a proximal, U-shaped sinus; apertures separated from one another by at least the width of one aperture; operculum present; avicularia present | 34 |
| 33b | Apertures of zooecia circular, without a sinus; apertures often tightly packed, raised slightly above or level with the surface of the branch; operculum absent; avicularia absent. | 36 |
| 34a | ||
| 34b | ||
| 35a | ||
| 35b | ||
| 36a | Branches up to 5 mm in diameter | 37 |
| 36b | Branches about 2 mm in diameter (color light, often yellow or with yellow-tipped branches; branches rarely anastomosing) | Heteropora alaskensis |
| 37a | Color often gray-purple; branches rarely anastomosing; zooecia protruding only slightly, if at all, above the surface of the colony | Heteropora magna |
| 37b | Color usually yellow to gray, branches occasionally with pinkish tips; branches frequently anastomosing; peristomes of zooecia sometimes distinctly protruding above the surface of the branches | Heteropora pacifica |
| 38a | Zooecia somewhat boxlike, embedded in the matrix of the colony, the frontals of the zooecia forming the surface of the colony; aperture approximately semicircular, with an operculum | 39 |
| 38b | Units of the colony formed by tubular zooecia lying against one another and becoming fused; aperture circular, without an operculum (Order Cyclostomata) | 41 |
| 39a | ||
| 39b | ||
| 40a | ||
| 40b | ||
| 41a | Zooecia arranged in biserial (double) rows | 42 |
| 41b | Zooecia arranged in uniserial (single) rows | 45 |
| 42a | Ooeciostome curved or bent forward | 43 |
| 42b | Ooeciostome straight | 44 |
| 43a | ||
| 43b | ||
| 44a | Branches of the colony curved inward or with spikelike projections at their tips; internodes short | Crisia occidentalis (Cycl) |
| 44b | Branches straight, internodes long | Crisia maxima (Cycl) |
| 45a | ||
| 45b | ||
| 46a | ||
| 46b | ||
| 47a | Colony consisting of creeping, adherent, stolon-like zooecia, the distal ends of which rise in erect tubes that have an operculum at the aperture | Aetea spp. |
| 47b | Colony not stolonlike | 48 |
| 48a | Colony consisting of simple calcified tubes fused together (secondary calcification may obscure the tubes, but portions of them are almost always visible at the surface of the colony); apertures usually circular, without an operculum; with neither avicularia nor spines (in Disporella fembriata, the tubes end in sharp points, but these are not spines) | 49 |
| 48b | Colony not consisting of calcified tubes (zooecia are more complex than simple tubes, and have an aperture on the frontal); aperture variable, but with an operculum; either spines or avicularia, or both, may be present | 62 |
| 49a | Colony uniserial, branching dichotomously at right angles | Stomatopora granulata |
| 49b | Colony multiserial or massive | 50 |
| 50a | Colony disk-shaped | 51 |
| 50b | Colony not disk-shaped (fanlike colonies may, however, grow outward to the extent that they become almost circular) | 54 |
| 51a | Colony large, up to 10 cm in diameter, complex, composed of subcolonies with 8-12 radially arranged bundles of tubules (color usually deep purple) | Disporella separata |
| 51b | Colony small, simple, not composed of subcolonies | 52 |
| 52a | Ends of zooecial tubes flaring and ending in 2-5 sharp points; pores on the surface of the colony (not the raised apertures of the zooecial tubes) nearly circular, not so crowded that they nearly touch one another | Disporella fimbriata |
| 52b | Ends of zooecial tubes neither flaring nor ending in 2 or more sharp points; pores (or calcified porelike structures) on the surface of the colony irregular in form and size, and sometimes so crowded as to nearly touch each other | 53 |
| 53a | Elevated tubular portions of the zooecia arranged in radiating, uniserial rows, the tubes adhering to one another up to their tips | Lichenopora novae-zelandiae |
| 53b | Elevated tubular portions of the zooecia not arranged in regular, radiating rows over the entire colony (the tubes in the central portion may be so arranged, however), and not adhering to one another up to their tips | Lichenopora verrucaria |
| 54a | ||
| 54b | ||
| 55a | ||
| 55b | ||
| 56a | ||
| 56b | ||
| 57a | ||
| 57b | ||
| 58a | ||
| 58b | ||
| 59a | ||
| 59b | ||
| 60a | ||
| 60b | ||
| 61a | ||
| 61b | ||
| 62a | Pores on the frontal of the zooecia arranged in a series of parallel rows (the pores are formed by incomplete fusion of spines that extend across the zooecia; in some species there are pores on the ovicells but not on the zooecia, so be sure you are looking at zooecia) | 63 |
| 62b | Zooecia with or without pores on the frontal (if pores are present, they are not in distinct rows) | 69 |
| 63a | ||
| 63b | ||
| 64a | ||
| 64b | ||
| 65a | ||
| 65b | ||
| 66a | ||
| 66b | ||
| 67a | ||
| 67b | ||
| 68a | ||
| 68b | ||
| 69a | Less than half of the frontal calcified, leaving a large membranous area either exposed or protected only by spines. | 70 |
| 69b | More than three-fourths of the frontal calcified | 89 |
| 70a | Zooecia without distinct spines (in certain species, however, there are some small spines on the frontal, at least at its distal corners (photo); do not confuse a pointed tooth on the midline with a spine) | 71 |
| 70b | Zooecia with relatively stout spines along the margins (the spines may be absent, however, in some portions of the colony) | 77 |
| 71a | Avicularia absent | 72 |
| 71b | Avicularia present, but these are interzooecial | 75 |
| 72a | Zooecia rectangular | 73 |
| 72b | Zooecia oval | 74 |
| 73a | Zooecia elongate rectangles with thin walls (the margins often slightly serrated); occasionally with hollow spines or knobs at the distal corners (photo) (sclerotized spinules may be present on the frontal, colonies usually encrusting on large algal fronds) | Membranipora membranacea |
| 73b | Zooecia usually elongate rectangles (but sometimes short and broad), their walls heavily calcified and granular; proximal corners often closed off to form 2 triangular regions that may be membranous or knoblike and that may fuse to form a single knob | Conopeum reticulatum |
| 74a | ||
| 74b | ||
| 75a | ||
| 75b | ||
| 76a | ||
| 76b | ||
| 77a | Lateral spines branching, resembling miniature antlers, distal spines straight or occasionally bifid | 78 |
| 77b | Spines not branching | 79 |
| 78a | ||
| 78b | ||
| 79a | Avicularia stalked, tall, slender, with a narrow base (photo), distributed more or less sparsely among the lateral spines (avicularia are sometimes lacking altogether, however); ovicells either absent or so deeply embedded that they are not evident | 80 |
| 79b | Avicularia not stalked; ovicells prominent | 82 |
| 80a | Zooecia separated by deep or wide grooves | 81 |
| 80b | Zooecia crowded, not separated by grooves | Cauloramphus spiniferum |
| 81a | With 2 pairs of stout and erect distal spines, the other spines pointed and curved markedly over the membranous frontal (spines usually brown) | Cauloramphus
brunea |
| 81b | With a pair of distal spines directed forward, the other spines curving slightly over the frontal (all spines slender) | Cauloramphus echinus |
| 82a | Zooecia with long spines only on the portion distal to the aperture; usually with an avicularium distal to the aperture; ovicells with 1 or 2 small triangular avicularia; membranous portion of the frontal occupying less than two-thirds of the surface | 83 |
| 82b | Zooecia with spines lateral to the aperture; small avicularia interzooecial or close to the lateral or proximal margins of th aperture; avicularia on the ovicells variable, but sometimes large, oblong, pointed; membranous portion of the frontal occupying more than two-thirds of the surface | 84 |
| 83a | Zooecia about 0.7-0.85 mm long; spines straight, extending forward from the distal rim; colony encrusting, but loosely attached | Chapperiella
patula |
| 83b | Zooecia about 0.6 mm long; most nearly proximal pair of spines curving down over the frontal; colony tightly encrusting on a variety of substrata, including small worm tubes | Chapperiella
condylata |
| 84a | Frontal entirely membranous | 85 |
| 84b | Frontal with narrow calcified shelf extending inward from the rim | 87 |
| 85a | Only proximal avicularia present, these single or paired | 86 |
| 85b | Both proximal and lateral avicularia present (inner margin of the zooecial rim faintly toothed) | Callopora
armata |
| 86a | Zooecia separated by wide grooves, the deepest prtions of these with large pores | Callopora
circumclathrata |
| 86b | Grooves between zooecia narrow and without pores | Callopora horrida |
| 87a | ||
| 87b | ||
| 88a | ||
| 88b | ||
| 89a | Zooecia with pores distributed over most of the frontal (be sure you are looking at the zooecia, not the ovicells, which may have pores when the zooecia do not) | 90 |
| 89b | Zooecia either without pores or with pores in a line around the edge of the frontal | 119 |
| 90a | With an ascopore (a distinct pore on the midline proximal to the aperture; it is the opening to the ascus, a compensation sac beneath the calcified frontal) | 91 |
| 90b | Without an ascopore | 97 |
| 91a | ||
| 91b | ||
| 92a | ||
| 92b | ||
| 93a | ||
| 93b | ||
| 94a | ||
| 94b | ||
| 95a | ||
| 95b | ||
| 96a | ||
| 96b | ||
| 97a | With avicularia | 98 |
| 97b | Without avicularia | 110 |
| 98a | ||
| 98b | ||
| 99a | ||
| 99b | ||
| 100a | ||
| 100b | ||
| 101a | ||
| 101b | ||
| 102a | ||
| 102b | ||
| 103a | ||
| 103b | ||
| 104a | ||
| 104b | ||
| 105a | ||
| 105b | ||
| 106a | ||
| 106b | ||
| 107a | ||
| 107b | ||
| 108a | ||
| 108b | ||
| 109a | ||
| 109b | ||
| 110a | Aperture with a pointed proximal tooth (ovicells absent) | Cheilopora praelonga |
| 110b | Aperture without a pointed proximal tooth | 111 |
| 111a | With a U-shaped or V-shaped sinus on the proximal rim of the aperture | 112 |
| 111b | Without a U-shaped or V-shaped sinus on the proximal rim of the aperture | 115 |
| 112a | ||
| 112b | ||
| 113a | ||
| 113b | ||
| 114a | ||
| 114b | ||
| 115a | Ovicells without pores, but with conspicuous radial ribs; proximal rim of the aperture raised up in an umbo, a deep transverse depression separating the peak of the umbo from the aperture(colony usually yellow to yellow-brown, growing in double sheets) | Hippodiplosia insculpta |
| 115b | Ovicells with pores; frontal with neither an umbo nor a depression | 116 |
| 116a | ||
| 116b | ||
| 117a | ||
| 117b | ||
| 118a | ||
| 118b | ||
| 119a | ||
| 119b | ||
| 120a | ||
| 120b | ||
| 121a | ||
| 121b | ||
| 122a | ||
| 122b | ||
| 123a | ||
| 123b | ||
| 124a | ||
| 124b | ||
| 125a | ||
| 125b | ||
| 126a | ||
| 126b | ||
| 127a | ||
| 127b | ||
| 128a | ||
| 128b | ||
| 129a | ||
| 129b | ||
| 130a | ||
| 130b | ||
| 131a | ||
| 131b | ||
| 132a | ||
| 132b | ||
| 133a | ||
| 133b | ||
| 134a | ||
| 134b | ||
| 135a | ||
| 135b | ||
| 136a | ||
| 136b |
Bugula
californica
Callopora
horrida
Cauloramphus
spiniferum
Crisia
occidentalis
Disporella
separata
Heteropora
pacifica
Hippodiplosia
insculpta
Lichenopora
novae-zelandiae
Lichenopora
verrucaria
Membranipora
membranacea