Taken primarily from Kozloff, 1987, 1996 p. 439 (Copyright 1987, 1996, University of Washington Press. Used in this web page by permission of University of Washington Press)
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| Lower taxonomic level | Main Page | Alphabetic Index | Systematic Index | Glossary |
| 1a | Zooecia connected by creeping stolons (in Immergentia and Penetrantia, the colonies are embedded in calcareous shells of mollusks and barnacles) | 2 |
| 1b | Zooecia united into a fleshy, leathery, or gelatinous mass that is erect or sheetlike | 6 |
| 2a | Colony embedded in a calcareous shell, the apertures of the zooids about flush with the surface | Immergentia sp. and Penetrantia sp. |
| 2b | Colony not embedded in a calcareous shell | 3 |
| 3a | Zooecia attached to stolons by slender stalks | Triticella pedicellata |
| 3b | Zooecia attached directly to stolons, without obvious stalks | 4 |
| 4a | Each zooecium expanded at the base, joined to several stolons; gizzard absent (surface covered with a fine layer of silt) | Nolella stipulata |
| 4b | Each zooecium attached to a single stolon; gizzard present or absent | 5 |
| 5a | Zooecia 0.3-0.5 mm long, the proximal 1/3 of each one adhering to the stolon | Buskia nitens |
| 5b | Zooecia 1.2-2 mm long, distinct from the stolon for their entire length (gizzard present) | Bowerbankia gracilis |
| 6a | Colony an erect, club-shaped structure with an annulated stalk | Clavopora occidentalis |
| 6b | Colony not club-shaped and without an annulated stalk | 7 |
| 7a | Colony generally erect, rarely encrusting, consisting of flattened lobes bearing many forked spines (color pale tan to dark brown) | Flustrellidra corniculata |
| 7b | Colony erect or encrusting, without spines | 8 |
| 8a | Colony erect, lobed, attached by a short stalk to a basal disk | Alcyonidium pedunculatum |
| 8b | Colony encrusting, forming a gelatinous coating over the substratum | Alcyonidium gelatinosum |
Alcyonidium pedunculatum
Flustrellida corniculata