Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854

Common name(s): Acorn barnacle, white buckshot barnacle (when small)
Synonyms:
Phylum Arthropoda
 Subphylum Crustacea
  Class Maxillopoda
   Subclass Thecostraca
    Infraclass Cirripedia
     Superorder Thoracica
      Order Sessilia
       Suborder Balanomorpha
        Superfamily Balanoidea
         Family Balanidae
Balanus glandula attached to a cobble at Ala Spit, Whidbey Island.  Diameter approximately 1.5-2 cm
(Photo by: Dave Cowles, September 2005)
Description:  A sessile (acorn) barnacle in which the rostrum overlaps the rostrolateral wall plates on either side of it, the tips of the terga are not drawn out into a beak, the lines of contact between the terga and scuta are sinuous, and the interior of the base of the shell has numerous centripetal ridges.  The scuta have a diagonal line of pits. The inner surface of the scuta and terga is black, and especially in small individuals this shows through to the outside as a dark patch in the center of the scutum where the inner surface is excavated into a deep pit and the scutum is thin.  The six wall plates are solid, not filled with hollow longitudinal tubes (except in some young individuals), and do not have fingerlike projecting spines pointing downward.  The base is calcified and leaves a calcium deposit on the rock when removed (photo)  An extremely common intertidal species, especially in the upper half.  Diameter to 2.2 cm, but usually 1.5 cm or smaller.  The height is usually about equal to the diameter, unless the barnacles are so crowded that they grow very tall and thin (photo).  Walls usually white or grayish white, may have longitudinal ribs (which are often eroded away except in small individuals).

How to Distinguish from Similar Species:  The sinuous line of contact between the terga and scuta distinguish this species from most other intertidal barnacles.  Semibalanus balanoides has a sinuous line of contact but also has no centripetal ridges at the interior base of the shell.  Chthamalus dalli has a straight, crosslike junction between the terga and scuta and the rostrum is overlapped by the rostrolaterals.

Geographical Range:  Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Bahia de San Quintin, Baja California; recently introduced at Puerto de Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Depth Range:  Intertidal, mostly in the upper half

Habitat:  Mainly on intertidal rocks.  Open ocean and protected waters.  Also common on pilings and on floats.

Biology/Natural History:  Often the most abundant barnacle in the upper half of the intertidal zone (can reach densities of up to 70,000 per square meter), and the most nearly ubiquitous barnacle species on the Pacific coast.  It can obtain oxygen both from the air and underwater.  Barnacles are hermaphrodites which fertilize one another internally by means of a long penis.  The eggs are brooded by the parent, and released as nauplius larvae.  Up to 6 broods of 1000-30,000 young may be produced per year from this species.  After 5 molts the larva becomes a nonfeeding cypris with 6 pairs of legs.  The cypris attaches itself to a substrate by an antennal gland and metamorphoses into the adult form.  Cyprids avoid rocks which Nucella lamellosa, an important predator, has recently crawled across, and also rocks with the red alga Petrocelis middendorffii.  Adult size is reached in 2 years and lifespan is about 10 years,  Barnacle molts are frequently seen debris in marine habitats.  Predators include oysterdrill snails such as Nucella lamellosa, the ribbed limpet Lottia digitalis (bulldozes and feeds on juveniles; barnacles 6.7 mm diameter have a refuge in size), seastars such as Pisaster ochraceous, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Evasterias troschelii, and Leptasterias hexactis, goldeneye ducks, gulls, and even the nemertean worm Emplectonema gracile and the barnacle nudibranch Onchidoris bilamellata.   Juvenile rockfish feed on the larvae swimming through kelp beds.  Competitors include Semibalanus cariosus and the mussels Mytilus trossulus and M. californiensis, to the shells of which it often attaches.  In many areas of the upper intertidal juveniles of this species compete with Chthamalus dalli juveniles by pushing them off the rock.  Chthamalus is usually common only in the zone above where Balanus glandula thrives.   Less common in estuaries.  While it has no eyes, this species is sensitive to light and will rapidly withdraw if a shadow passes over it.

Balanus glandula has recently become established in Japan and in Argentina.  In Japan it is directly competing with B. albicostatus.


 
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References:

Dichotomous Keys:
  Flora and Fairbanks, 1966
  Kozloff 1987, 1996
  Smith and Carlton, 1975
 

General References:
  Brandon and Rokop, 1985
  Carefoot, 1977
  Harbo, 1999
  Hinton, 1987
  Johnson and Snook, 1955
  Kozloff, 1993
  Morris et al., 1980
  Niesen, 1994
  Niesen, 1997
  O'Clair and O'Clair, 1998
  Ricketts et al., 1985

Scientific Articles:

Emlet, Richard B. and Steven S. Sadro, 2006.  Linking stages of life history:  how larval quality translates into juvenile performance for an intertidal barnacle (Balanus glandula).  Integrative and Comparative Biology 46:3 pp 334-346

Kado, Ryusuke, 2003.  Invasion of Japanese shores by the NE Pacific barnacle Balanus glandula and its ecological and biogeographical impact.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 249: 199-206

Web sites:
 


General Notes and Observations:  Locations, abundances, unusual behaviors:



This group is clustered on a cobble at Ala Spit.  Photo by Dave Cowles, September 2005



When individuals become too crowded, as on this rock, they grow in a tall, thin columnar formation.  Photo by Dave Cowles, September 2005



When individuals are dislodged from the rock they leave a calcified scar behind.  Photo by Dave Cowles, September 2005



Unlike Chthamalus dalli, Balanus glandula frequently grow on other substrates such as the wood of this stump.  Photo by Dave Cowles, September 2005.



Balanus glandula is usually white or gray-white, but these individuals growing on a stump are mostly brownish, probably due to overgrowth by diatoms or other algae.


Authors and Editors of Page:
Dave Cowles (2005):  Created original page